(“REEs”) or Rare-Earth Metals and Oxides are a Set of seventeen Chemical Elements in the Periodic table. Especially the Fifteen Lanthanides plus Scandium and Yttrium. Scandium and Yttrium are considered as Rare Earth Elements since they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the Lanthanides and they exhibit similar Chemical properties.
Despite their name, Rare Earth Elements (with the exception of the radioactive promethium) are relatively plentiful in the Earth’s crust. With Cerium being the 25th most Abundant Element at 68 parts per million (similar to copper). However, Because of their Geochemical properties, Rare Earth Elements are typically dispersed and not often found in concentrated and economically exploitable forms. The few economically exploitable deposits are also known as Rare Earth Minerals. It was the very scarcity of these minerals (previously called “earths”) that led to the term “rare earth”. The first such mineral discovered was gadolinite, That was a Compound of Cerium, Yttrium, Iron, Silicon, and other Elements.
Rare earth elements are heavier than Iron and thus are produced by Supernova Nucleosynthesis or the S-process in asymptotic giant branch stars. Spontaneous fission of Uranium-238 produces trace amounts of Radioactive Promethium in Nature, But most Promethium is synthetically produced in nuclear reactors. These change through time in small quantities (ppm, parts per million), So their proportion can be used for geochronology and dating fossils.
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